Representationalism and Aesthetics Essay Example

Representationalism and Aesthetics Paper If one were to be provided a spectator’s view of visitors of an art museum, they would witness a microcosm of the appreciation of art in its entirety. Some observers of art might simply glance at a piece of artwork and shrug it off for its unaesthetic appearance, others might try to delve deeper into what it’s standing for. Multiple factors would possibly come into play; the audiences’ reaction, the inquisition into the artist’s original intention, and perhaps the attempt to connect the artwork to another object based off parallel resemblances. Many of these actions derive from theories that were proposed long ago. Such philosophers as Plato, Aristotle, and Alexander Baumgarten toyed with philosophical theories including representationalism and aesthetic theory. In this paper, I hope to define the outward meaning of these theories and then delve into their similarities and contrasting ideologies. Though some specific parts of these theories might be outdated now, a strong portion of the basic foundations of these ideas appear and are still relevant today. Thus, by becoming versed with these philosophies, a viewer of art can become more appreciative and be given a better view into what the artist was originally trying to convey. Noel Carroll begins his fourth chapter on â€Å"Art and aesthetic experience† by stating that the definition of aesthetics is three-fold; â€Å"one of these is very broad; another is narrow; and a third is tendentious. † The first explanation for aesthetics revolves around the idea that the term Aesthetics is synonymous with Philosophy of Art. Therefore, just as Carroll theorizes that our book might have been appropriately renamed Aesthetics of Art, it is just as reasonable that our entire course be aptly changed to the Aesthetics of Art. We will write a custom essay sample on Representationalism and Aesthetics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Representationalism and Aesthetics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Representationalism and Aesthetics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Besides aesthetics basing itself around this interchangeability, aesthetics has also come to stand for the â€Å"receptive side of things. † This sector of the meaning of aesthetics uses the notion that when â€Å"philosophers talk about aesthetics in the narrower sense, that frequently signals that they are interested in the audience’s portion of the interaction between artworks and readers, listeners and viewers. † The third, and according to Carroll, final meaning of aesthetics is the â€Å"tendentious† idea that â€Å"artworks are objects whose function is to engender aesthetics experiences. † Being that this study of art is provided philosophically, Carroll sought to restate the aesthetic theorists argument for this through a series of logical steps. Thus, by stating his original hypothesis, he was able to state that if the previous step was true, the succeeding logical statement would also be valid a result. This chain continued into finally connecting the first statement and final conclusion, ultimately echoing the main idea behind the third meaning of aesthetics, that â€Å"artists intend their works to function as sources of aesthetic experience. † In layman’s terms, the artist creates their work to garner an aesthetic reaction. Therefore, it is justifiable that the second and third meanings are somewhat analogous since where the former relies on the audiences‘ perception of art; the latter restates the artist’s intention of creating the art in the first place, but both for aesthetic purposes. An interesting facet into the meaning of aesthetics is that besides being three-fold, there were different factions who supported varying interpretations of aesthetics. An example of this is that while it was originally stated that aesthetics and â€Å"philosophy of art† were once interpreted as interchangeable, some theorists argued that this was not true. To some philosophers, â€Å"aesthetics is broader than the philosophy of art, since it studies nature as well. † It is also intriguing that Carroll’s hypothesis that â€Å"what artists intend to do by making artworks is to afford the opportunity for audiences to have aesthetic experiences,† can be carried out to analogies outside of our normal portrayal of art. Similar to Carroll’s hardware example on page 3 of the chapter on aesthetics, consider the example of a manufacturer of winter jackets. People buy winter jackets to stay warm and perhaps as a demonstration of fashion. Department stores stock winter jackets so that people with this goal can find what they are looking for. Therefore, similar to Carroll’s logic, it is reasonable to conjecture that manufacturers of winter jackets, who supply the department stores, intend by making winter jackets to provide the sort of clothing that will facilitate the goals of winter-jacket-buyers. This all connects back to the idea that when artists make artworks, in this case those who manufacture winter-jackets, their intention is to afford the opportunity for audiences, in this case those consumers who buy the winter-jackets, to have aesthetic experiences. The other philosophical topic that this paper will cover, and later compare and contrast to Aesthetics, is Representationalism. One of the most basic forms of representationalism, as noted page 4 of â€Å"Philosophy of Art: Chapter 1-Art and Representation† is that, â€Å"by representation, here is meant something that is intended to stand for something else and that is recognized by audiences as such. † Similar to the example that Carroll gives where a portrait can stand for whomever it is a portrait of, the Renaissance sculpture of David would be considered a representation of David himself. It is important to note, that this interpretation of representation is only a subset known as imitation. Carroll notes â€Å"representation is broader, since something can also stand for something else without looking like it. † An example of this could be based off the fact that historically, women of larger size denoted a sense of beauty because they were potentially seen as a better fit for childbearing and thus were potentially more sought-after. Therefore, a painting of a bigger woman could represent beauty for the artist, but especially if viewed within the context of modern day, not necessarily replicate our modern perception of beauty. This example, particularly biased by the changing of ideologies over time, would epitomize representation by a piece of art without imitation as it did not imitate what is generally considered modern beauty for its current audience. Such counterexamples, according to Carroll, encouraged us to â€Å"take a second look at art history and to ask whether imitation theory was ever accurate. † Additionally, â€Å"with this additional breadth, the representational theory of art remains unsalvageable, since much art is not representational. † Besides the example formerly stated with changing ideologies allowing for representation without imitation, modern architecture can be another example as certain buildings do not necessarily stand for something else, they just are what they are. Similar to the examples given on page 4 of â€Å"Art and Representation,† The Robeson Campus Center does not stand for the building of food, it is a building which feeds students. Branching off the idea stated on page 3 of â€Å"Art and Representation,† that if art didn’t imitate a form of real life, it wasn’t art, this idea seems outdated. Personally, this idea of imitation could be considered flawed, it imposed a restriction on the scope of what art could be. According to Carroll, â€Å"neither the imitation theory of art nor the broader representational theory of art appears successful. † A third variation has branched out known as neo-representational theory which, Carroll states makes a weaker claim, â€Å"namely that in order to count as a work of art, the candidate must be about something (i. e. , it must have a subject, about which it makes some comment).

Corruption in Puerto Rico essays

Corruption in Puerto Rico essays Lack of integrity or honesty, susceptibility to bribery; use of a position of trust for dishonest gain is how the WordNet dictionary defines corruption. Although corruption in Puerto Rico may have a slightly different meaning, I will opt not to get into that today. During the past few years, numerous cases of corruption within our government have emerged to the public eye, causing great controversy and putting in question the integrity of our democracy. Although the money totals supposedly stolen by members of mainly the N.P.P., explicitly exceed the million dollar mark, for some reason, Puerto Rico was clearly a more productive and economically stable country during the eight-year N.P.P. term. Political parties require huge amounts of money in order to finance their campaigns. Generous contributors to the political parties often expect and demand special favors once their candidates are elected. The higher levels of government are normally filled with people loyal to the political party in power. At those levels, political interests may at times prevail over public interest. Strong supervision by opposing political parties and other concerned groups will generally provide the necessary checks and balances needed for our democratic system to operate smoothly. In recent times, however, some cases of corruption have resulted in convictions and severe jail sentences to quite a few important politicians and prominent people on the island. On a recent article on The San Juan Star newspaper, titled Records show stateside candidates, parties got money from contractors, we see one more of those accusations against the N.P.P.s. It involves bribing, and hefty contributions of national candidates, and political parties. The rest, I believe, is worthless to point out, because regardless of the names or details, it is just another article revealing a corrupt deal ...

The Top 10 Jobs To Have Today

The Top 10 Jobs To Have Today Rachel Gillett over at Business Insider has rounded up the 25 best jobs to have now. Topping the list? Physician’s Assistant, so congrats to my cousin Alex, who apparently has it made in the shade. We’re rounding up just the top 10. 1. Physicians Assistant:There’s a high demand for this well-paying entry-level job in the medical field; average salary is $111,376, and there are 45,484 current job openings.2. Software Engineer:Yes, we should all have learned coding instead of taking those semesters of Italian in college. Engineers design and develop the systems that run on computers, and are paid on average $98,074 for it. There are more than 104,000 available openings in this field!3. Business Development Manager:This position is responsible for helping companies grow by identifying potential partnerships and prospects, then cultivating those relationships to everyone’s benefit. Average salary is $84,907, and there are currently 11,616 job openings.4. Human Resources Manager:This has sort of a who-watches-the-watchmen feeling about it, because who hires the human resources manager? But if you like managing staff activities and coordinating new hires, check out one of the 8,073 job openings available for this job, which earns on average $96,443.5. Finance Manager:In this job, you’d help companies manage their money and attend to their business needs; average salary is $122,865, and there are 9,728 job openings. If you like numbers and rock at organizing spreadsheets, this might be the gig for you.6. Marketing Manager:Are you noticing a trend? Management should be your end goal in a lot of these industries. A marketing manager coordinates- surprise!- the marketing of an organization’s products and services. There are 14,647 job openings in this field, with an average salary of $100,130.7. Database Administrator:Enjoy staying on top of inventories and customer transaction records? Consider this position, where you might ear n on average $97,835 and have 9,790 chances to find the right place to work.8. Product Manager:Are you the consummate team player? Project managers supervise design and production teams to produce and market products. There are 10,294 job openings, with an average salary of $113,363.9. Data Scientist:One of the downsides of all the data mining we do these days  is that it’s all just a pile of numbers without someone to interpret the findings and identify trends. There are 3,449 job openings with an average salary of $104,476.10. Sales Manager:Last on our round up for today (and sorry, for this introvert, kind of least) is the sales manager oeuvre- there’s an average salary of $121,657 and are 3,982 openings to choose from. So if you can find a place with a company you like and don’t mind cold-calling on the regular, this could be a great field to pursue.

Obamas Seven Wasted Years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Obamas Seven Wasted Years - Essay Example For example, a report released by the National Federation of Independent Business indicated that 85% of the organizations that hired or were trying to hire new workers in the month of November reported that there were only a few or no qualified applicants for the positions they were advertising. Such a report must scare the American society because it is an indication that the educational and professional development system in America has a certain gap. The most concerning aspect of such statistics is that when America is lacking in certain professional qualifications, other major economies in the world such as in Asia and Europe are continuously ranking high in the education quality offered to their people. For example, it is almost certain that students in the same grade in countries such as South Korea, China, and Singapore will outperform their American counterparts in subjects such as mathematics and science. Such information has been in the public limelight for the longest now, but the actual results have just started to show up. The American education system could be deficient in some aspect, and it is a time the gap is discovered and addressed if the future of the nation as the giant global economy will be sustained. According to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, only too few students study science or technical subjects in the U.S., such that businesses and organizations cannot find enough workers in these fields. The state of any economy is just as healthy and vibrant as its workforce.

Lab experiment - microwave assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lab experiment - microwave assignment - Essay Example The source of the signal that the system uses is termed as the Gunn Oscillator, which is at a signal of 10.5 GHz. the maximum output power that is recommended for the frequency ranges between 20 Mw to 10 Mw, and the recommended range may vary from time to time in different Gunn Oscillators. The output power may as well be varied by varying the voltage supplied that is received by the Gunn Oscillator via the unit cable attached to it (Campanella 2010). The devise consists of an adjuster, which helps to regulate the level of the power at the microwave point of input and in making of the measurements of the attenuator. This assignment makes use of the side-vane attenuator that uses the fiberglasses that are plastic in nature having resistive coatings in order to achieve the required attenuation. The fiberglasses are erected vertically with respect to the wave-guide and to the short walls in a parallel manner. The position of the blades on the wave-guide dictates the resulting attenuation of the whole system. Each attenuator is calibrated separately due to differences in the attenuation characteristics. Wave-guide support is a system component that acts as a stand and helps in the system stability. The system supports are in parts, one of the supports is the system base while the other is the plastic piece that is attached to the rod end. Wave-guides can be connected to the support by placing it gently onto the plastic piece of the system located on the rod top. The height of the system support is adjustable with the help of setscrews located on the base of the system. For the sake of this assignment, cross-guide couplers were used which consist of two- waveguides that are joined to one another at an angle of 90 degrees. Signals of the microwave that propagates from waveguide couples with microwave signals and finally dictates the coupled signal propagation. Two openings are recommended on the walls. These openings should be

Terrorism In Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Terrorism In Pakistan Essay Pakistan has been facing major and destructive phenomenon due to the terrorist. It had been common since 1999, like bomb blast and suicides attacks. This has great impact on our social and moral life. Many lives are gone away due to the terrorism in Pakistan, This is not only in Pakistan but also spread in all over the countries. Terrorism has a destructive impact on the life of human beings. No doubt our country has been progressed by making power full nuclear weapons. And Pakistan also has a nuclear power like the other countries, but in our countries some agents are making their wrong use by bomb blasting. They target the Holy places and historical building without cares of anyone life. And many human beings loss their life in this type of incidents like bomb blasting. It was commonly found in Pakistan during the late 1999. Every channel and newspaper have the same and common news about bomb blasting and suicide attacks. Terrorism in Pakistan just destroy the economy in Pakistan. Accident of Lal Masjid took place 1999 militants and religious flower lost in this incident. There were many other incidents during last years just because of the terrorist. Suicide attacks are also found in many cities. Nobody cares about his life and ready for death due to the illiteracy in our country. Mostly parents don’t prefer their children to give them education from the starting years, the result is that they lost their interest in studying and never like to go to school for getting education. This spread unemployment among the nation, and when they have not any jobs for the satisfaction and fulfillment of their life they choose the wrong way through which they can earn well. Therefore they do not afraid by taking any risk, even some are going to be ready for suicidal attacks the reason is just money, moreover they have lost their interest to live a perfect and normal life. In the last there are some suggestion about the terrorist. It should be completely finished. Our nation and citizen should be given knowledge about the importance of life. People who are living in the Pakistan should be given maximum chances to get the employment, and most important education should be must and equal for every one.

?Vincent is not a hero? Discuss :: essays research papers

â€Å"Vincent is not a hero† Discuss Andrew Niccol has created a character that is portrayed as being a struggler from the moment he was born, he was destined to play this role as soon as he was conceived naturally as he was to wear the label of â€Å"God child† for the rest of his life , this label determines they life style and quality of life he will lead and the prospects are not good -â€Å"They used to say that a child conceived in love has a greater chance of happiness. They don't say that anymore†. Niccol leads us to believe that Vincent is a man who has overcome the odds in order to achieve his dream in a society where individuality is an unrequited trait and the ability to conform plus right DNA is all a person needs to succeed. What can easily be missed is the reality that in order to achieve his dreams he had to become a criminal which raises the question, is this man who is seen as a hero defiant of his opposition, worthy for our admiration considering the un-admirable form he had to take on t o gain it?. The measures Vincent goes to, to achieve his dream of becoming an astronaught make him seem less of a hero than he is portrayed as, The idea of changing your identity from an â€Å"invalid† with problems that prevent one from leading a normal life, to taking on the identity of a â€Å"Valid† with a physical make-up so perfect that â€Å"you could go anywhere† with his â€Å"helix tucked under your arm†, again lowers the opinion of his character and makes it difficult to separate his true identity to the false one he has taken on, Throughout the film Niccol makes it hard to distinguish which parts of Vincent’s personality actually are, we see many instances where Vincent shows admirable qualities such as him romantically letting go of a strand of Irene’s hair and saying â€Å"the wind caught it† . But this incident could also psychologically be a way of ensuring if Irene ever had a piece of him, that she would do the same and his identi ty would be protected. His personality as we knew it before he took on Eugene’s identity portrayed him as lonely dreamer. He was the stereotypical outcast down to finest detail. He sat by himself, ate by himself , dreamt of great things and in true Hollywood style left home and took on the job that all people take when they have nothing left, a cleaner.

Music Piracy: Should It Be Allowed?

File sharing is when people share files on their computers with other users. This is done across the internet and made possible by peer-to-peer programs. These files can be anything: pictures, text, pornography, movies, etc. I will be focusing on music. The issue is whether or not music or file-sharing should be legalized. When I first tried Kazaa, I was absolutely amazed. With my family's terribly slow internet connection, I would download as much music as I could. I would wait patiently, sometimes 30-45 minutes, for a single song to be downloaded. Then, one day we got a ADSL connection and no one could stop me from downloading music. In a rough estimate, I must have downloaded over 30 gigabytes worth of music in the past few years. That's a lot of music, music that I would not have heard, artists I would have not discovered, if it weren't for file sharing. But all good things come to an end. After losing legal battles with the RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) and related parties, Napster started deteriorating. Filters prevented certain artists from being listed in searches and if you had songs by certain artists on your computer, you would be banned. I once started up Napster only to be greeted with this message: â€Å"YOU HAVE BEEN BANNED BY DR. DRE†. Along with thousands of other people, I stopped using the program. So what was/is the RIAA's deal? What do they have against file-sharing? The RIAA and many artists feel that peer-to-peer file-sharing is a violation of copyright laws and is hurting music sales. Some artists feel that P2P sharing is, simply, stealing. That they feel this way is okay. However, the way they went about handling the situation is highly debatable. For the most part it shows the lack of vision and understanding the RIAA and some musicians have concerning the future of music. Why are CD sales down? In 2002, there was a 10% decline in record sales. The RIAA blame file-sharing, however, they need to consider the following possibilities†¦ (1) The state of radio. Clear Channel controls around 60% of rock radio. Ever wonder why, no matter what city you travel to, there is always a radio station with the same format as a station back home. According to Professor James Boyle's, this is an example of Clear Channels â€Å"McDonaldization† of radio. â€Å"Since Clear Channel controls the format and the play lists of the majority of radio stations across the country, the type of music that gets heard becomes limited to what Clear Channel programmers decide to include on play lists†(Boyle's). If the listeners don't like what they hear, they won't buy the music. Would the fact that almost every song on commercial radio is bought and paid for have anything to do with the narrow focus and homogeneous nature of radio? â€Å"What drives radio is advertising and money, not music. A lot of music gets left behind thanks to the current state of radio, that consumers are rejecting it shouldn't be surprising. They're creating their own MP3 play lists, and if the labels were smart, they'd be doing everything in their power to be on the play lists of radio stations. Instead, they scream copyright infringement and call their lawyers.† (Boyle's) The second possibility is price. Music is overly expensive. Sometimes, paying $15 for a CD is just not within people's budget. What file-sharing has told the recording industry is that a very large number of people are more willing to sit in front of their computer and download music, rather than pay for the ridiculously overpriced alternative. Basic economics tells us that as more alternatives become available, prices drop. The recording industry is trying to resist this. Imagine if new CD's were only 5 dollars each. Would you buy more music? I certainly would. Of course, this invites the classic argument, presented by John Syner in his essay â€Å"Many Things We Pay for Are Free†: â€Å"Why would people buy something that they can get for free?† There are dozens of companies that sell†¦water. We pay for TV when there is free programming. We buy books, when we borrow them for free at the library. Why would you pay for a song that you could get for free? For the same reason that you will buy a book that you could borrow from the public library or buy a DVD of a movie that you could watch on television or rent for the weekend. Convenience, ease-of-use, selection, ability to find what you want, and for enthusiasts, the sheer pleasure of owning something you treasure. It could be argued that MP3's are the greatest marketing tool ever to come along for the music industry. If your music is not being downloaded, then you're in trouble. If you can't give it away, you certainly can't sell it. There will always be a market for CD's because people, especially music collectors, want something tangible. Something with art and liner notes, that they can put on their shelves. I believe the Philosophy of Consumerism fits this topic to a â€Å"T†. Consumerism is the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable. The third and final possibility is that file-sharing is helping the music industry. As I said at the beginning of the essay, file-sharing has allowed me to discover artists that I would not have discovered otherwise. Many times after discovering these new bands/artists I actually did go out and purchase some of their music. Sometimes I went to go see them play live at a local club. But even if I didn't go out and purchase a bands album, I am still benefiting them by downloading their music. If I like what I hear, they get free word of mouth.

All-in-One Computer Security Systems Essay

All-in-one Computer Security Systems CIS/105 Some of the different programs that I choose to use as all-in-one security that has total protection are Norton Internet Security and McAfee has an exclusive active protection technology that analyzes and blocks threats in milliseconds. McAfee can immediately detect and remove viruses, even root kits, adware, spyware, and blocks. McAfee has a two-way firewall which blocks outsiders from hacking into your PC. The program also contains other features including ways to better the health of your PC. Norton Internet Security plus 360 versions 4. 0 warns you of dangerous downloads before you install and run them on your computer. Norton Internet Security has an extra layer of protection that detects viruses, spyware, Trojans and other threats. In addition Norton 360 4. 0 identifies applications that are impacting the performance of your PC. Using an all-in-one computer security protects your CPU from hijackers, identity theft, spyware, and virus. In addition using a security all in one center generally protects the user computer on its own. This keeps your system and all your information safe from others. There are some security programs which protect as well such as Anti-Virus, Anti-Spyware, Anti-Spam, Anti-Root kit, Identity Protection, Link Scanner Active Surf, Link Scanner Search, Web Protection & Firewall, and Sophisticated threat detection. Using an all-in-one security system is effective because the programs are not conflicting with each other; instead they all work together within one system. An all-in-one security system will use less running memory than several security systems running parallel to each other. All-in-one security system is effective in many elements such physically secured security appliance, content discrimination, quick recovery from failure, highly configurable logging and notification, simplicity, high uptime, economy secure connections, well-conceived security system policies, scalability, distributed architecture, of IP addresses, secure remote management and communication, authentication, virtual private networking, and summarize and report network activity. What the all in one computer security systems protect against is with spyware, virus, identity theft, and hijackers. The all in one computer security systems block the threats from getting onto your computer as long as it is running at all times. References McAfee. McAfee Total Protection 2010. Retrieved from. http://download. mcafee. com/products/manuals/en-us/mtp_datasheet_2010. pdf Norton by Symantec. Top-ranked Protection. Norton 360â„ ¢ Version 6. 0. Retrieved from. http://us. norton. com/360 Internet Security Handbook. What Makes a Good Network Security System and effective security system. Retrieved from. http://www. watchguard. com/help/lss/41/handbook/need_fo3. htm

Coral Eugene Watts The Sunday Morning Slasher

Coral Eugene Watts The Sunday Morning Slasher Carl Eugene Watts, dubbed â€Å"The Sunday Morning Slasher,† murdered 80 women in Texas, Michigan and Ontario, Canada, from 1974-1982. Watts kidnapped his victims from their homes, tortured them either by slashing them with a knife until they bled to death or drowned them in a bathtub. Early Years Carl Eugene Watts was born in Fort Hood, Texas on November 7, 1953, to Richard and Dorothy Watts. In 1955, Dorothy left Richard. She and Carl moved to Inkstar, Illinois, right outside of Detroit. Dorothy taught art to kindergarten children, leaving much of Carls young development in the hands of her mother. She also started dating again, and in 1962 she married Norman Caesar. Within a few years, they had two girls. Watts was now the big brother, but it was a role he never embraced. Sadistic Sexual Fantasies At the age of 13, Watts suffered from meningitis and high fevers and he was pulled out of school for several months. During his illness, he entertained himself by hunting and skinning rabbits. He also enjoyed constant fantasies that involved torturing and killing girls. School had always been challenging for Watts. When he was in grammar school, he was a shy and withdrawn child and was often teased by the class bullies. His reading skills were far below that of his peers, and he struggled with retaining much of what was being taught. When Watts finally returned to his class after being sick, he was unable to catch up. The decision was made to have him repeat the eighth grade, which humiliated him. Watts, an academic failure, turned into a good athlete. He participated in the Silver Gloves boxing program that helped teach boys respect for themselves and discipline. Unfortunately for Watts, the boxing program stimulated his aggressive desire to attack people. He was constantly in trouble at school for physically confronting classmates, especially the girls. At the age of 15, he attacked and sexually assaulted a woman in her home. She was his customer on his paper route. When Watts was arrested, he told the police he attacked the woman because he just felt like beating someone up. Institutionalized In September 1969, after being prompted by his lawyer, Watts was institutionalized at the Lafayette Clinic in Detroit. It was there that doctors discovered that Watts had an IQ in the low 70s and suffered from a mild case of mental retardation that impeded his thought processes. However, after only three months, he was evaluated again and placed on outpatient treatment, despite the doctors final review which described Watts as paranoid with strong homicidal impulses. The doctor wrote that Watts behavioral controls were faulty and that he displayed a high potential for violently acting out. He ended the report by saying Watts should be considered dangerous. Despite the report, the young and dangerous Eugene Watts was allowed to return to school, his penchant for violence unknown to his unsuspecting classmates. It was a baffling decision that almost assured a deadly outcome. High School and College Watts continued high school after his release from the hospital. He returned to sports and poor grades. He also took drugs, was described as severely withdrawn. He was often disciplined by school officials for being aggressive and stalking his female classmates. From the time that Watts was released to the outpatient program in 1969 until the time he graduated high school in 1973, he only went to the outpatient clinic a few times, despite the fact that school officials were constantly having to deal with his violent episodes. After finishing high school. Watts was accepted to Lane College in Jackson, Tennessee on a football scholarship, but he was expelled after three months for stalking and sexually assaulting women and for being a prime suspect in the unsolved murder of a female student. Second Psychological Evaluation Watts was, however, able to return to college and was even accepted into a special scholarship and mentoring program sponsored by Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo. Before attending the program, he was again evaluated at the outpatient facility and again the doctor said that Watts was still a danger and had a strong impulse to beat up women, but due to patient confidentiality laws, staffers were unable to alert Kalamazoo authorities or officials at Western Michigan University. On October 25, 1974, Lenore Knizacky answered her door and was attacked by a man who said he was looking for Charles. She fought back and survived. Five days later, Gloria Steele, 19, was found dead with 33 stab wounds to her chest. A witness reported speaking with a man at Steele’s complex, who said he was looking for Charles. Diane Williams reported being attacked on November 12, under the same circumstances. She survived and managed to see the attackers car and make a report to the police. Watts was picked out in a line-up by Knizacky and Williams and arrested on assault and battery charges. He admitted to attacking 15 females but refused to talk about the Steele murder. His attorney arranged for Watts to commit himself into the Kalamazoo State Hospital. The hospital psychiatrist investigated Watts background and learned that at Lane College, Watts was suspected of having possibly killed two women by choking them. He diagnosed Watts as having an anti-social personality disorder. Competently Dangerous Before Watts trial for assault and battery charges, he had a court-ordered evaluation at the Center for Forensic Psychiatry in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The examining doctor described Watts as dangerous and felt he would most likely attack again. He also found him competent to stand trial. Carl, or Coral as he started to call himself, pleaded â€Å"no contest,† and received a one-year sentence on the assault and battery charges. He was never charged in the murder of Steele. In June 1976, he was out of jail and back home in Detroit with his mother. The Sunday Morning Slasher Emerges Ann Arbor is 40 miles west of Detroit and the home of The University of Michigan. In April 1980, the Ann Arbor police were called to the home of 17-year-old Shirley Small. She had been attacked and repeatedly cut with an instrument resembling a scalpel. She bled to death on the sidewalk where she fell. Glenda Richmond, 26, was the next victim. She was found near her doorway, dead from over 28 stab wounds.  Rebecca Greer, 20, was next. She died outside her door after being stabbed 54 times. Detective Paul Bunten headed a task force that had been formed to investigate what the newspapers had dubbed the murders of women by The Sunday Morning Slasher, but there was very little for Bunten to investigate. His team had no evidence and no witnesses to a long list of murders and attempted murders that had occurred within five months. When Sergeant Arthurs from Detroit read about the Slasher murders going on in Ann Arbor, he noticed that the attacks were similar to those that he had arrested Carl Watts for when he was a paperboy. Arthurs contacted the task force and gave them Watts name and the details of the crime. Within months, attacks in neighboring Wisteria, Ontario, were being reported that were of the same nature as those in Ann Arbor and Detroit. Adult, Father, and Husband By now, Watts was no longer a failing student with drug problems. He was 27 years old and working with his stepfather at a trucking company. He had fathered a daughter with his girlfriend, and later met another woman whom he married in August 1979, but who divorced him eight months later because of Watts’ strange behavior. More Murders, 1979-1980 In October 1979 Watts was arrested for prowling around in a Southfield, Detroit suburb. The charges were later dropped. Investigators noted that during the previous year, five women in the same suburb were assaulted on separate occasions, but with similar circumstances. None were killed, nor could any of them identify their attacker. During 1979 and 1980, attacks on women in Detroit and surrounding areas became more frequent and violent.  By the summer of 1980, whatever had been keeping Coral Watts uncontrollable urge to torture, and murder women at bay were no longer working. It was as if a demon had possessed him. Additionally, he was under tremendous stress as the investigators from Ann Arbor, and Detroit seemed to be getting closer to solving the identity of the â€Å"Sunday Morning Slasher.† Watts had no alternative: he needed to find a new killing zone. The Windsor, Ontario Connection In July 1980, in Windsor, Ontario Irene Kondratowiz, 22, was attacked by a stranger. Despite her throat being slashed, she had managed to live. Sandra Dalpe, 20, having been stabbed from behind, had also survived. Mary Angus, 30, of Windsor, escaped attack by screaming when she realized she was being followed. She picked Watts out of a photo line-up, but she was unable to identify for certain that her attacker had been Watts. Detectives discovered through highway cameras that Watts car was recorded as leaving Windsor for Detroit after each episode. Watts became Bunten’s leading suspect, and Bunten had a reputation for being a relentless investigator. Rebecca Huff's Book Is Found On November 15, 1980, an Ann Arbor woman contacted police after she became frightened when she discovered that she was being followed by a strange man. The women hid in a doorway, and the police were able to observe the man frantically searching for the woman. When the police pulled the man over in his car, they identified him as Coral Watts. Inside the car, they found screwdrivers and wood filing tools, but their most important discovery was a book that had Rebecca Huff’s name on it. Rebecca Huff had been murdered in September 1980. A Move to Houston In late January 1981, Watts was brought in on a warrant to give a blood sample. Bunten also interviewed Watts, but he could not charge him. The blood test also failed to link Watts to any crimes. By spring, Coral was sick of being hounded by Bunten and his task force and so made a move to Columbus Texas, where he found work at an oil company. Houston was 70 miles away. Watts began spending his weekends cruising the city streets. Houston Police Get a Heads Up, but Murders Continue Bunten forwarded Watts file to the Houston police, who located Watts at his new address, but they were unable to find any evidence linking him directly to any of the Houston crimes. On September 5, 1981, Lillian Tilley was attacked at her Arlington apartment and drowned. Later that same month, Elizabeth Montgomery, 25, died after being stabbed in the chest while out walking her dogs. Shortly afterward, Susan Wolf, 21, was attacked and murdered as she got out of her car to enter her home. Watts Is Finally Caught On May 23, 1982, Watts ambushed roommates Lori Lister and Melinda Aguilar at the apartment that the two women shared. He tied them up and then attempted to drown Lister in the bathtub. Aguilar was able to escape by jumping head first off of her balcony. Lister was saved by a neighbor and Watts was caught and arrested. The body of Michele Maday was found the same day, drowned in her bathtub in a nearby apartment. A Shocking Plea Deal Under interrogation, Watts refused to talk. Harris County Assistant District Attorney Ira Jones made a deal with Watts to get him to confess. Incredibly, Jones agreed to give Watts immunity to the charge of murder, if Watts would agree to confess to all of his murders. Jones was hoping to bring closure to the families of some of the 50 unsolved murders of women in the Houston area. Coral eventually admitted attacking 19 women, 13 of which he confessed to murdering. Admitting There Were 80 More Murders Eventually, Watts also admitted to 80 additional murders in Michigan and Canada but refused to give details because he did not have an immunity agreement for those murders. Coral pleaded guilty to one count of burglary with intent to kill. Judge Shaver decided that the bathtub and the water in the bathtub could be defined as deadly weapons, which would result in the parole board not being able to count Watts â€Å"good conduct time,† for determining his parole eligibility. Slippery Appeals On September 3, 1982, Watts was sentenced to 60 years in prison. In 1987, after a failed attempt to escape prison by slipping through the bars, Watts decided to begin appealing his sentence, but his appeal lacked the support of his attorney. Then in October 1987, unrelated to any of Watts appeals, the court decided that criminals must be told that a â€Å"deadly weapon† finding had occurred during their indictment and that failure to inform the criminal was a violation of the criminal’s rights. Watts Gets a Lucky Break In 1989, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals decided that, because Watts was not told that the bathtub and the water had been judged lethal weapons, he would not be required to serve his entire sentence. Watts was reclassified as a nonviolent felon which made him eligible for retroactive â€Å"good time earned† equaling three days for every one day served. Model prisoner and confessed murderer  Coral Eugene Watts would be  getting out of prison on May 9, 2006. Victims Say Hell No to Early Release Law As news spread about the possibility of Watts getting out of prison, there was a tremendous public outcry against the good time earned early release law, which eventually was abolished, but, because it was an applicable law during Watts trial, his early release could not be reversed. Lawrence Fossi, whose wife was murdered by Watts, fought the release with every possible legal maneuver he could find. Joe Tilley, whose young daughter Linda fought so hard to live, but lost her battle against Watts, as he held her under the water at the apartment complex swimming pool, summed up how most of the other families felt about Watts: Forgiveness cannot be bestowed when forgiveness is not sought. This is a confrontation with pure evil, with principalities and the powers of the air. Michigan's Attorney General Asks for Help When Mike Cox, who was Michigans Attorney General at the time, found out about the change in Watts sentence, he ran televised spots, asking the public to come forward if they had any information about the women that Watts was suspected of having killed. Texas had a plea arrangement with Watts, but Michigan did not. If they could prove Watts murdered any of the women who had turned up dead over the past few years in Michigan, Watts could be put away for life. Coxs efforts paid off. A Westland, Michigan resident named Joseph Foy came forward and said that Watts looked like the man whom he saw in December 1979 stabbing 36-year-old Helen Dutcher, who later died from her wounds. Watts Will Finally Pay for His Crimes Watts was shipped to Michigan  where he was  charged, tried and found guilty of murdering Helen Dutcher. On December 7, 2004, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. In late July 2007 Watts again faced a jury after being arrested for the 1974 murder of Gloria Steele. He was found guilty and received a life sentence without possibility of parole. Slipping Through the Bars One Last Time Watts was sent to Ionia, Michigan where he was housed at the Ionia Correctional Facility, also known as the I-Max because it is a maximum security prison.  But he did not stay there long. About two months into his sentence he managed to slide his way out from behind the prison bars yet again, but this time would be his last time as only a miracle would save him now. On September 21, 2007, Coral Eugene Watts was admitted to a hospital in Jackson, Michigan and shortly after died of prostate cancer. The case of the â€Å"Sunday Morning Slasher† was permanently closed.

Teach Skills for Content Reading With Developmental Reading

Teach Skills for Content Reading With Developmental Reading Developmental Reading is the name given to a branch of reading instruction designed to support students in content area classes, such as  social studies, history, and the sciences. Developmental reading programs teach students strategies for engaging content texts, such as textbooks, articles, and resource books that they will encounter in high school and beyond, in higher education settings.   Developmental reading does not address basic reading skills, such as phonemic awareness,  decoding, and vocabulary.   Many community colleges offer developmental reading courses to help students who are not really prepared for the rigors of college-level courses, especially technical textbooks. Strategies for Success in Developmental Reading Often students with disabilities are so overwhelmed by the amount of text they see in their content (social studies, biology, political science, health) classes that they will sometimes just shut down without even looking for information they need.  Their typical peers may never actually read a text since they can often use text features to find the information they need.  Teaching students, especially students with a history of difficulty with text, how to use text features will give them a sense of command over the text and help them read strategically as part of test preparation and study skills. Text Features Helping students recognize and learn to use text features is a foundational part of developmental reading.  Teach students to first scan the text, reading captions and titles and subtitles, and they will be better able to understand and remember the content of the text.   Illustrations:  the pictures, of course.  Photographs: yes, they are photographs rather than illustrations.Maps:  often to be found in social studies texts, and can typically be pivotal to understanding content.Captions:  found under illustrations, photographs, and maps, captions usually label what the student sees, often offering import information for unlocking the meaning.Titles:  tells specifically what the author intends you to find in the chapter or article.Subtitles.  the subtitles show how the author organized the information and can help students find the specific information they need.Index:  in the back. Very important to know how to use it.Glossary:  often word (new content-specific vocabulary,) will be boldfaced in the text, and students need to know that the glossary has a definition. Prediction Getting students to prepare for approaching a text is an important part of success in reading.  SQ3R  was the standard for many years:  Scan, Question, Read, Recite and Review.  In other words, scanning (using text features) was to lead to questions:  What do I know?  What do I want to know?  What do I expect to learn?  Yes, that is prediction!

Arsson in the united states Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arsson in the united states - Essay Example Juveniles have been reported to be arrested with arson as well. Arsonists attacks those buildings in which nobody lives and poor neighborhoods are no exceptions to the same finding. The article pinpoints the role that there should be of the municipal and community members and leadership regimes as to how to keep arsonists away and incidences of arson must be reduced drastically has also been raised. With that, there is a mention of the increase in church arsons for the last ten years or so. The article presents a analysis of 1996-98 data from the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) which emphasizes the point that the per dollar loss due to arson fires were a bit higher than the average of all fires that erupted within the United States, however the death figures and injuries were way lower than the ones expected in such circumstances. The article fathoms that the general public thinks of arson as an insurance gimmick and that companies play with it to benefit their own selves. But it is a significant point to understand here that arsonists play havoc with life and property all this while and this is indeed an alarming thing to come to terms with. Also the fact that arson fires peak at some specific days of the year raises an eyebrow or two. The authorities at the helm of affairs must ensure that proper and adequate steps are taken to guarantee that the general public remain safe and hazard-free when certain events come up. These events include the Halloween’s, New Year’s, the July 4 Independence Day and so on. The article also speaks of the 1999 instance when six firefighters from the Worcester Fire Department had to give up their life when they were in the middle of a rescue operation in a cold storage warehouse. In the end, the article highlights the role of the fire departments and government agencies and as to how they are taking certain